日前,美国卫生及公共服务部(Department of Health and Human Services)发布了第14版致癌物报告(14th Report on Carcinogens),纳入了7种新的物质。
此次更新后,共有248种物质被列为致癌物。
新增加的7种物质分别是:
三氯乙烯(trichloroethylene)、钴和钴化合物以及与人类癌症相关的5种病毒。
这5种病毒具体为:
人类免疫缺陷病毒-1型(HIV-1)
人类嗜T细胞病毒-1型(human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1,HTLV-1)
Epstein-Barr病毒(EBV)
Kaposi肉瘤相关疱疹病毒(KSHV)
Merkel细胞多瘤病毒(MCV)
值得一提的是:在世界卫生组织(WHO)下属机构——国际癌症研究机构(IARC)的致癌物分级中,EB病毒;幽门螺杆菌(Hp);乙型、丙型肝炎病毒(HBV、HCV)、HIV、HTLV-1、卡波济氏肉瘤疱疹病毒;人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)都早已是I级致癌物(无论在动物实验或对人类均有充分的致癌证据)。
与超过20种不同类型的癌症有关
总体来说,这五种病毒与超过20种不同类型的癌症有关。
HIV-1:HIV病毒攻击的是人体免疫系统,会导致艾滋病。免疫系统变弱被认为会增加人类患多种癌症的风险,包括非霍奇金和霍奇金淋巴瘤、肛门与生殖器癌症、Kaposi肉瘤、肝癌等。
HTLV-1:人类流行病学研究和分子研究表明,HTLV-1会导致成人T细胞白血病-淋巴瘤(adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma)。
EBV:EVB是一种疱疹病毒,主要通过唾液传播。事实上,这是一种常见病毒,感染着世界上超过90%的成年人。大多数的人感染EBV会保持健康,没有病症。在某些情况下,EBV会导致传染性的单核细胞增多症。研究表明,EBV会导致4种类型的淋巴瘤和2种类型的上皮癌。
KSHV:KSHV主要是通过唾液传播,也可以通过性接触、血液传播和母婴传播。研究表明,KSHV与多种癌症相关,包括Kaposi肉瘤和2种罕见的淋巴瘤。
MCV:MCV是存在于皮肤上的常见病毒,很少产生症状或导致癌症。研究表明,这一病毒会导致Merkel细胞癌。
鉴于全球约有12%的人类癌症可能归因于病毒,并且现在还没有可用于以上5种病毒的疫苗,因此,降低感染的预防策略更为重要。
这一最新版的报告鉴定出了多种不同类型的环境因素(统称为“物质”),包括化学品、传染性病原体(如病毒)、物理因子(如X-射线和紫外线辐射)、化学物质混合物(mixtures of chemicals)等。
需要注意的是,纳入报告的这些物质预示着癌症风险,但本身并不意味着一个物质或者一种病毒就会导致癌症。许多因素影响着一个人是否会患癌症,包括个体对物质的敏感性、接触的数量和持续时间等。
附:248个致癌物完整清单(来源:美国卫生及公共服务第14版致癌物报告)
(翻译供参考,常见物质已标红)
Acetaldehyde 乙醛
2-Acetylaminofluorene 2-乙酰氨基芴
Acrylamide 丙烯酰胺
Acrylonitrile 丙烯腈
Adriamycin 阿霉素
Aflatoxins 黄曲霉素
Alcoholic Beverage Consumption 酒精饮料
2-Aminoanthraquinone 氨基蒽醌
o-Aminoazotoluene 邻氨基偶氮甲苯
4-Aminobiphenyl 4-氨基联苯
1-Amino-2,4-dibromoanthraquinone 1-氨基-2,4-二溴蒽醌
1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone(1-氨基-2-甲基蒽醌
Amitrole(氨基三唑)
·o-Anisidine and Its Hydrochloride(邻甲氧基苯胺及其盐酸盐)
Aristolochic Acids(马兜铃酸)
Arsenic and Inorganic Arsenic Compounds(砷和无机砷化合物)
Asbestos(石棉)
Azacitidine(阿扎胞苷)
Azathioprine(硫唑嘌呤,一种免疫抑制药)
Basic Red 9 Monohydrochloride(碱性红9盐酸盐)
Benzene(苯)
Benzidine and Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine(联苯胺和基于联苯胺的染料)
Benzidine(联苯胺)
Dyes Metabolized to Benzidine (Benzidine Dye Class)
Benzotrichloride(三氯甲苯)
Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds(铍以及铍化合物)
2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol (Technical Grade)2,2-二(溴甲基)-1,3-丙二醇(工业级)
Bis(chloromethyl) Ether and Technical-Grade Chloromethyl Methyl Ether
Bromodichloromethane(一溴二氯甲烷)
1-Bromopropane 1-溴丙烷
1,3-Butadiene 3-丁二烯
1,4-Butanediol Dimethanesulfonate
Butylated Hydroxyanisole(叔丁基羟基茴香醚)
Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds(隔和隔化合物)
Captafol(农药 敌菌丹)
Carbon Tetrachloride(四氯化碳)
Ceramic Fibers (Respirable Size)陶瓷纤维
Chlorambucil苯丁酸氮芥,瘤可宁
Chloramphenicol 氯霉素
Chlorendic Acid 氯菌酸
Chlorinated Paraffins (C12, 60% Chlorine)氯化石蜡(C12、60%氯)
Chloroform 氯仿
3-Chloro-2-methylpropene 甲代烯丙基氯
4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine
Chloroprene 氯丁二烯
p-Chloro-o-toluidine and Its Hydrochloride
Chromium Hexavalent Compounds
Cisplatin 顺铂
Coal Tars and Coal-Tar Pitches煤焦油和煤焦油沥青
Cobalt
Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds that Release Cobalt In Vivo(钴和钴化合物)
Cobalt-Tungsten Carbide: Powders and Hard Metals
Coke-Oven Emissions 焦炉逸散物
p-Cresidine 2-甲氧基-5-甲基苯胺
Cumene 异丙基苯
Cupferron 铜铁试剂
Cyclophosphamide 环磷酰胺
Cyclosporin A 环孢菌素
Dacarbazine 达卡巴嗪
Danthron 1,8-二羟基蒽醌
2,4-Diaminoanisole Sulfate
2,4-Diaminotoluene
Diazoaminobenzene 二氯甲烷
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
1,2-Dibromoethane
2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine and Its Dihydrochloride
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
1,3-Dichloropropene (Technical Grade)
Diepoxybutane
Diesel Exhaust Particulates
Di(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Diethylstilbestrol 己烯雌酚
Diethyl Sulfate
Diglycidyl Resorcinol Ether
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine
Dyes Metabolized to 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine (3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine Dye Class)
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine and Dyes Metabolized to 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
Dyes Metabolized to 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine (3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine Dye Class)
Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
Dimethyl Sulfate 硫酸二甲酯
Dimethylvinyl Chloride
1,4-Dioxane
Disperse Blue
Epichlorohydrin 表氯醇,用于橡胶制造
Erionite 毛沸石
Estrogens, Steroidal 己烯雌酚
Ethylene Oxide 环氧乙烷
Ethylene Thiourea 乙烯硫脲
Ethyl Methanesulfonate 甲基磺酸乙酯
Formaldehyde 甲醛
Furan 呋喃
Certain Glass Wool Fibers (Inhalable)
Glycidol 缩水甘油
Heterocyclic Amines (Selected)杂环胺类化合物
2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline
2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline
2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachloroethane
Hexamethylphosphoramide
Hydrazine and Hydrazine Sulfate
Hydrazobenzene
Ionizing Radiation 电离辐射
X-Radiation and Gamma Radiation X、γ辐射
Neutrons
Radon 氡
Thorium Dioxide
Iron Dextran Complex
Isoprene 异戊二烯
Kepone 开篷,一种杀虫剂
Lead and Lead Compounds 铅和铅化合物
Lindane, Hexachlorocyclohexane (Technical Grade), and Other Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers
Melphalan 美法仑
Methoxsalen with Ultraviolet A Therapy
2-Methylaziridine
4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline)
4,4'-Methylenebis(N,N-dimethyl)benzenamine
4,4'-Methylenedianiline and Its Dihydrochloride
Methyleugenol
Methyl Methanesulfonate
Metronidazole 甲硝唑
Michlers Ketone
Mineral Oils: Untreated and Mildly Treated 矿物油
Mirex 灭蚁灵
Mustard Gas 芥子气
Naphthalene
2-Naphthylamine
Nickel Compounds and Metallic Nickel
Nickel Compounds
Metallic Nickel
Nitrilotriacetic Acid
o-Nitroanisole
Nitroarenes (Selected)
1,6-Dinitropyrene
1,8-Dinitropyrene
6-Nitrochrysene
1-Nitropyrene
4-Nitropyrene
Nitrobenzene
Nitrofen
Nitrogen Mustard Hydrochloride
Nitromethane
2-Nitropropane
N-Nitrosamines: 15 Listings
N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine
N-Nitrosodiethylamine
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine
N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine
N-Nitrosomorpholine
N-Nitrosonornicotine
N-Nitrosopiperidine
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine
N-Nitrososarcosine
Nitrosourea Chemotherapeutic Agents
Bis(chloroethyl) Nitrosourea
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea
Chlorozotocin
Streptozotocin
o-Nitrotoluene
Norethisterone
Ochratoxin A
4,4'-Oxydianiline
Oxymetholone
Pentachlorophenol and By-products of Its Synthesis
Phenacetin and Analgesic Mixtures Containing Phenacetin
Phenacetin
Analgesic Mixtures Containing Phenacetin
Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride
Phenolphthalein
Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride
Phenytoin and Phenytoin Sodium
Polybrominated Biphenyls
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: 15 Listings
Benz[a]anthracene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Benzo[j]fluoranthene
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Dibenz[a,h]acridine
Dibenz[a,j]acridine
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole
Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene
Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
5-Methylchrysene
Procarbazine and Its Hydrochloride
Progesterone
1,3-Propane Sultone
β-Propiolactone
Propylene Oxide
Propylthiouracil
Reserpine
Riddelliine
Safrole
Selenium Sulfide
Silica, Crystalline (Respirable Size)
Soots 烟灰
Strong Inorganic Acid Mists Containing Sulfuric Acid
Styrene
Styrene-7,8-oxide
Sulfallate
Tamoxifen 他莫昔芬
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrafluoroet
Tetranitromethane
Thioacetamide
4,4'-Thiodianiline
Thiotepa
Thiourea
Tobacco-Related Exposures 烟草暴露
Tobacco Smoking
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Smokeless Tobacco
Toluene Diisocyanates
o-Toluidine
Toxaphene
Trichloroethylene
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) Phosphate
Ultraviolet-Radiation-Related Exposures(紫外线暴露)
Solar Radiation
Exposure to Sunlamps or Sunbeds
Broad-Spectrum UVR
UVA
UVB
UVC
Urethane
Viruses: Eight Listings(8种病毒)
Epstein-Barr Virus(EBV)
Hepatitis B Virus(B型肝炎病毒)
Hepatitis C Virus(C型肝炎病毒)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1(人类免疫缺陷病毒-1型,HIV-1)
Human Papillomaviruses: Some Genital-Mucosal Types
Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1(人类嗜T细胞病毒-1型,HTLV-1)
Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus(Kaposi肉瘤相关疱疹病毒,KSHV)
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus(Merkel细胞多瘤病毒,MCV)
4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene Diepoxide
Vinyl Halides (Selected)
Vinyl Bromide(溴乙烯)
Vinyl Chloride(氯乙烯)
Vinyl Fluoride(氟乙烯)
Wood Dust
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